Ashtanga: Meaning, Philosophy, and Yoga Practice

What does Ashtanga mean?

Ashtanga, derived from Sanskrit, literally translates to "eight limbs" or "eight-limbed path." It refers to a comprehensive philosophical framework for living a meaningful and purposeful life, as outlined in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, and also to a dynamic, physically demanding style of yoga practice that strictly adheres to specific sequences.

The Etymological Roots of Ashtanga

The term "Ashtanga" is a compound word from Sanskrit:

• Ashta (अष्ट) means "eight."
• Anga (अङ्ग) means "limb," "body part," or "component."

Therefore, Ashtanga fundamentally signifies an "eight-limbed" or "eight-fold" path. This path is not merely a sequence of physical postures but a holistic philosophical system aimed at achieving a state of inner peace and liberation.

Ashtanga as a Philosophical Framework: Patanjali's Eight Limbs

The concept of Ashtanga originates from the ancient Indian sage Patanjali, who codified the principles of yoga in his seminal text, the Yoga Sutras, around 200 CE. Within these sutras, Patanjali describes the Ashtanga Yoga system as a progressive journey toward Samadhi (enlightenment or self-realization). These eight limbs are interconnected and designed to be practiced synergistically:

• Yama (Ethical Restraints): Universal moral principles governing our interaction with the world.
  • Ahimsa: Non-harming, non-violence.
  • Satya: Truthfulness.
  • Asteya: Non-stealing.
  • Brahmacharya: Moderation, often interpreted as right use of energy.
  • Aparigraha: Non-possessiveness, non-greed.
• Niyama (Self-Observances): Personal disciplines and observances that cultivate inner purity.
  • Saucha: Purity (of body, mind, and speech).
  • Santosha: Contentment.
  • Tapas: Austerity, discipline, spiritual fervor.
  • Svadhyaya: Self-study, study of sacred texts.
  • Ishvara Pranidhana: Surrender to a higher power or the divine.
• Asana (Physical Postures): The physical yoga postures practiced to stabilize the body and mind, making it fit for meditation.
• Pranayama (Breath Control): Techniques for regulating the breath to control prana (life force energy).
• Pratyahara (Sense Withdrawal): Drawing the senses inward, away from external distractions.
• Dharana (Concentration): Focusing the mind on a single point.
• Dhyana (Meditation): Sustained concentration, leading to a state of profound contemplation.
• Samadhi (State of Absorption/Enlightenment): A state of blissful union, liberation, and self-realization, the ultimate goal of yoga.

Ashtanga as a Modern Yoga Practice

While rooted in Patanjali's philosophy, "Ashtanga Yoga" in contemporary usage most commonly refers to the specific, rigorous style of Hatha Yoga popularized by K. Pattabhi Jois (1915-2009) in Mysore, India. Jois learned this method from his guru, T. Krishnamacharya (1888-1989), who is often called "the father of modern yoga."

Key characteristics of the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga practice include:

• Vinyasa: A system of breath-synchronized movement, where each movement is linked to an inhale or exhale. This creates a flowing, dynamic sequence designed to build internal heat (tapas) and purify the body.
• Tristhana: This refers to the three places of attention or action:
  • Posture (Asana): The specific physical forms.
  • Breathing System (Pranayama): Primarily Ujjayi breath (victorious breath), which involves a slight constriction at the back of the throat to create an audible, ocean-like sound.
  • Drishti (Gazing Point): Specific points of focus for the eyes within each posture, aiding concentration and internal awareness.
• Bandhas (Energy Locks): Internal muscular contractions that help direct and contain prana (life force).
  • Mula Bandha: Root lock, engaging the pelvic floor.
  • Uddiyana Bandha: Abdominal lock, drawing the navel towards the spine.
• Fixed Sequences: Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga follows a precise series of postures performed in a specific order. There are six established series: the Primary Series (Yoga Chikitsa - Yoga Therapy), Intermediate Series (Nadi Shodhana - Nerve Cleansing), and four Advanced Series (Sthira Bhaga - Divine Stability). Practitioners typically master one series before moving to the next.
• Mysore Style Practice: This is the traditional way Ashtanga is taught. Students practice at their own pace, memorizing the sequence, and receiving individualized adjustments and new postures from the teacher when ready.
• Led Classes: In a led class, a teacher guides the entire group through the sequence, calling out the postures and breath counts.

Benefits of Practicing Ashtanga Yoga

The systematic and disciplined nature of Ashtanga offers a wide array of physical and mental benefits:

• Enhanced Physical Strength and Endurance: The continuous flow and challenging postures build significant muscular strength and cardiovascular stamina.
• Increased Flexibility and Range of Motion: Regular practice systematically stretches and lengthens muscles and connective tissues.
• Improved Focus and Concentration: The coordination of breath, movement, and gaze cultivates deep mental discipline.
• Stress Reduction and Mental Clarity: The rhythmic breathing and moving meditation can calm the nervous system and reduce anxiety.
• Detoxification: The internal heat generated helps to purify the body through sweating.
• Discipline and Self-Awareness: The consistent, structured practice fosters self-discipline and a deeper understanding of one's own body and mind.

Who is Ashtanga Yoga For?

Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is often considered a physically demanding practice. It is suitable for:

• Individuals seeking a vigorous and challenging physical workout.
• Those who thrive on structure, discipline, and routine.
• Practitioners interested in exploring the deeper, meditative aspects of yoga through a dynamic physical practice.
• Athletes looking to improve flexibility, endurance, and mental focus.

While challenging, with proper guidance from a qualified teacher, Ashtanga can be adapted for various fitness levels. Beginners are encouraged to start slowly and prioritize proper alignment and breath over depth of posture.

Conclusion: Beyond the Mat

Understanding "What Ashtanga means" extends beyond its literal translation or its popular yoga style. It encompasses a profound philosophical path laid out by Patanjali, offering a blueprint for holistic well-being. The modern Ashtanga Vinyasa practice, with its rigorous yet meditative approach, serves as a powerful means to embody these ancient principles, fostering not just physical prowess but also mental clarity, emotional balance, and a deeper connection to oneself. It is a journey of self-discovery, discipline, and transformation, with each breath and movement serving as a step on the path toward inner harmony.